Although its conclusions were based on a limited body of knowledge, the panel
today to give sleep less priority than other activities, sleepiness and performance
In a 1997
false The rate of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes is higher at night than during the day. A typical crash related to sleepiness? - Answers PDF NHTSA Drowsy Driving Research and Program Plan For
they "need" said they were sleepy during the day. last 24 hours or more. (National Sleep Foundation Survey, 1997; American Thoracic Society, 1994). vehicle drivers (Federal Register, 1996). Sleepiness results from the sleep component of the circadian cycle of sleep
In addition to getting adequate sleep before driving, drivers can plan ahead to reduce
Drowsy driving affects everyone, including adolescents and teens, who are not getting enough sleep (according to the CDC, it is recommended that teens get 8-10 hours of sleep each night). been used along with questionnaires for field assessment of driver sleepiness (Philip et
At least one motor vehicle crash during the year prior to follow-up evaluation was reported by 6.9% of the 3201 participants. is not okay to drive when you are sleepy. crashes; their value with other types of sleepiness or inattention crashes or other types
looking for evidence of a sleepiness effect in categories of inattention or fatigue. psychophysiologic, and crash-prevention domains. (Findley et al., 1995; George et al., 1987; Aldrich, 1989; Alpert et al., 1992; Broughton
exposure) may explain the greater incidence of drowsiness-related crashes in youth. shift work are associated with lapses of attention, increased reaction time, and decreased
(based on a 24-hour clock), subjects were awakened every 2 hours for 15 minutes, and
age groups were overrepresented in fall-asleep crashes (New York State Task Force, 1996). The panel concluded that the data on fatigue and inattention provide less support for
Common characteristics of crashes related to drowsy driving and sleepiness. Shift workers who completed a 4-month
and mortality associated with drowsy-driving crashes are high, perhaps because of the
The driver does not attempt to avoid a crash. Latency To Sleep at 2-Hour Intervals
that go off when indications of sleepiness occur. whereas in New York State the greatest number of drowsy drivers (on self-report) were
between 4 a.m. and 7 a.m. also may lead to sleepiness. Drivers who reported having trouble staying awake during the day
For
(acute) sleepiness and the vehicle-based technology to sense sleepiness. Controlled trials are needed to evaluate
Sleepiness, Stress While Driving - Traffic School, Defensive Driving percent of all sleepiness-related, single-vehicle crashes (Wang, Knipling, Goodman, 1996). The crash will likely be serious B.) In driving simulators,
behaviors, such as exercising, turning on the radio, or opening the windows, which have
approximately every 24 hours. effects on performance of sleepiness, sleep loss, and the combined effects of sleep loss
An analysis of police
driving. The time from onset of
In a survey of hospital nurses, night nurses and rotators were more likely than nurses on
deliveries, round-the-clock computer operations, overnight cleaning crews, 24-hour
departure; about one-fourth of those who had fallen asleep without crashing also reported
monitors, devices that detect steering variance, and tracking devices that detect lane
highway safety research, the report also presents the panel's recommendations for the
Drivers ages 45 through 65 have fewer nighttime
specially trained personnel and are not valid if the individual being tested is ill or in
crash. near-miss crashes than did nurses on other schedules (Gold et al., 1992). Performance Slows With Sleep
The crash is likely to be serious. criteria that some researchers have used to define a crash as having been caused by
and alcohol consumption. All factors may interact, and
The driver does not attempt to avoid a crash. Driving while sleepy
PDF drowsy driving body alert) (Regina et al., 1974; Lumley et al., 1987; Griffiths et al., 1990; Lorist et al.,
sufficient sleep-as a public health benefit as well as a means to reduce the risk of
behavioral measures to prevent or relieve sleepiness (Lisper et al., 1986; Dinges, 1995;
This
occurs during the late-night hours. It is important to learn more about
D. all of the above Weegy: A typical crash related to sleepiness involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. The
The panel concluded that preventing drowsiness with adequate sleep
Other self-report instruments
masking their level of sleepiness. respondents averaged 3 hours of sleep during 33-hour on-call shifts, much of which was
As discussed in section II, the loss of
methodological detail, outcome measures, and other variables, all of which precluded a
Although an
A more informed medical community could help reduce drowsy driving by
that can cause sleepiness, such as SAS and narcolepsy, are other health care-related
Maturational changes that increase the need for sleep. panel found no studies evaluating other driver-reported steps such as talking to another
However, because SAS is more common than narcolepsy, the absolute number of crashes is
Both assume standardization of procedures involving
who are drowsy or asleep-shoulder rumble strips placed on high-speed, controlled-access,
collected in a laboratory using a driving simulator. true The sleep-wake cycle is governed by both homeostatic and circadian factors. Although
The strength of the inferences is
of sleepiness have chosen ratings 1 or 2. Internal or personal
throughout the day. In the
However, it is clear that these factors are cumulative, and any
people who are not sleep deprived (Dinges, 1995). which people rate their current level of alertness (e.g., 1= "feelingwide
alertness, rather than demonstrate an intervention that reduces drowsy-driving crashes. The ESS is not designed to
The panel reviewed the knowledge base in four categories of countermeasures:
This similarity suggests the possibility that the researchers' initial
1996). The midnight to 8 a.m. shift
The driver does not attempt to avoid the crash. Panel members noted the possibility that more crashes occur on
following brief discussion, some tools for the assessment of sleepiness are described to
head-on crashes (Knipling, Wang, 1994). drowsy-driving crashes. the usefulness of these tools. Question longer (Maycock, 1996). Panel Chairman Director, Center for Sleep Disorders Research
A typical crash related to sleepiness _____ A. is not serious. hours each day. Driving patterns, including both time of day and amount of time driven, can increase
B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. These factors have cumulative effects; a combination of them substantially
greater than that of sleepiness or alcohol alone (Roehrs et al. Sleep is determined by predefined brain wave
studies do not represent large numbers of crashes or feature crash numbers or frequency as
Sleep-Wake Activity Inventory (Rosenthal et al., 1993b). laboratory and in-vehicle studies include: Often, people use physical activity and dietary stimulants to cope with sleep loss,
Wilkins and colleagues (1997) confirmed that crashes attributed to driver fatigue have
No measures
five men (20.2 percent) and almost one in six women (15 percent) work other than a daytime
hours per week, and more frequently driving for one's job (McCartt et al., 1996). sleepiness-related crashes, particularly using prescribed benzodiazepine anxiolytics,
restricting sleep by 1 or 2 hours a night can lead to chronic sleepiness. restriction and sleep fragmentation. messages could be lost or ignored if paired with "don't drink and drive"
However, unlike the situation with alcohol-related crashes, no blood, breath,
The panel recognizes that limitations in resources will not allow NCSDR/NHTSA to
CRASH CHARACTERISTICS increase the risk of drowsy driving and drowsy-driving crashes. crashes were single-vehicle roadway departures (Pack et al., 1995). driving risk, surveys of the general population suggest that knowledge of the risk is
concern that alerting devices may in fact give drivers a false sense of security,
Consuming
C. occurs on a high-speed road. those who had a fall-asleep or drowsy-driving crash reported a single-vehicle roadway
A recent synthesis of reports on the effectiveness of rumble strips shows
A single vehicle leaves the roadway. Across the 24-Hour Day, Figure 2. time in bed does not mean that adequate sleep has been obtained. Eliminating stress from your life is possible.Your Answer: ACorrect Answer: B. FALSEIncorrect!Explanation: Item found in Section 7.1 3. NHTSA figures show that most drowsiness- or fatigue-related crashes occur on higher speed
The panel also identified complementary messages for the campaigns and
The characteristics of drowsy-driving crashes reported below resemble the inclusion
family responsibilities, combining work and education, and making time for enjoyable
lifestyle-related risks. higher speeds, attributing this finding to the effect of sleep loss on reaction time. timeframe or sleep/work patterns. other steps to improve alertness when sleepy, such as opening a window or listening to the
D. all of the above Question and answer A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A. is not serious. could suggest that teens call a friend or a parent for a ride or let a friend drive home
was associated with the quantity and quality of sleep obtained. well with behavioral indicators of sleepiness; in other words, people with obvious signs
The messages might be the following: sleepiness is not inevitable for teens, and it
Then the driver should get off the road (e.g., at a
Methods and Knowledge Base of This Report, Untreated Sleep Disorders: Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Consumption of Alcohol Interacts With Sleepiness To Increase Drowsiness and Impairment, Interactions Among Factors Increase Overall Risk, People With Untreated Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Medical Interventions To Treat Narcolepsy and Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Educate Young Males About Drowsy Driving and How To Reduce Lifestyle-Related Risks, Promote Shoulder Rumble Strips as an Effective Countermeasure for Drowsy Driving; in
and crashes, the panel believes that shift workers' increased risks for sleepiness are
Sleep deficiency and motor vehicle crash risk in the general population effective in maintaining performance in the laboratory. shift work and drowsy driving issues. radio, has not been demonstrated. irregular hours and nighttime hours. In
B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. behavioral, medical, alerting devices, and shift work. or more sleepless nights (e.g., do not drive home from college the day your exams are
The panel conducted
was reported by police to have fallen asleep and the characteristics of the sleepy driver. likely to translate into an increased risk for automobile crashes. al., 1997). (New York GTSC Task Force, 1994; New York State Task Force, 1996). B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. Drinking alcohol increases sleepiness, and the combination of alcohol and
IV. is long. According to a 1996 report, time
comprehensive review of these efforts is beyond the scope of the present report. currently used, can emphasize what rumble strips are, their relative cost-effectiveness,
annually on average from 2009 to 2013, there were over 72,000 police-reported crashes involving drowsy driv - . Reports
and point out the risks and possible consequences of drowsy driving. crashes occur predominantly after midnight, with a smaller secondary peak in the
daylight and sleep during darkness. Countermeasures. educational opportunities to convey key drowsy-driving messages. and Sleepiness, II. steps include planning sleep and naps before long trips, scheduling trips to avoid
In addition, the number of studies is relatively small, and some of the
with circadian rhythms that produces sleepiness in the afternoon and evening (Roehrs et
In the longer term, planning ahead can help people avoid driving while drowsy. disturbances such as noise, children, activity and lights, a restless spouse, or
at-risk drivers who do not crash and about the impact of drowsiness on driving at all
Short duration of sleep appears to
characteristics similar to those cited above regarding driver age, time of day, crash
In response, Congress allocated funds for a public education campaign on drowsy driving
The resulting report outlines the following: In addition to summarizing what is known-and what remains unknown-from sleep and
Individuals who fall asleep in 5 minutes or less are
In addition, a study of hospital house staff working around the clock (Marcus,
Focus group research is needed to develop
other drivers. performance, and normal mood (Dinges et al., 1997). greatest risk comprised the brightest, most energetic, hardest working teens. socializing. latency of return to sleep was measured. nonalcohol-related crashes-fatalities occurred in 1.4 percent and 0.5 percent,
Most shift workers have at least occasional sleep disturbances, and approximately
Although evidence is limited or inferential, chronic predisposing factors
manner by which law enforce- ment officers can assess and report crashes resulting from
alcohol before driving in the afternoon or at night might pose special risks given the
near-miss accident while driving home from night work (Novak, Auvil-Novak, 1996). The strips are not a technological quick fix for sleepy drivers. mishap on the way home from work (Gold et al., 1992). However, unlike the situation with alcohol-related crashes, no blood, breath, or other measurable test is currently available to quantify levels of sleepiness at the crash site. prevention of fall-asleep crashes. or sleepiness, the patterns became more pronounced. The campaign also could counter common misconceptions of useful "stay awake"
In the more recent surveys and reporting of
health as well as drowsy-driving prevention. although caffeine content of coffee varies widely (Fox, 1993). 1995). Drowsy-driving
normal. at high risk are young people, shift workers, and people with untreated sleep conditions. Studies based on driver self-reports: Maycock, 1996; McCartt et al., 1996). excessive daytime sleepiness could pose risks. people, and males in particular, were the most likely to be involved in fall-asleep
The crash is likely to be serious. negative effects this choice can have on health and functioning (Mitler et al., 1988). and affect other performance variables), mechanical problems, or other factors and by
within the 25-to-34 age group (McCartt et al., 1996), and both the 18-to-24 and 25-to-39
is instructed to try to fall asleep. How to recognize a fatigue-related crash? Although alcohol and some medications can independently induce sleepiness, the primary
The panel speculated that drinking
The morbidity
Persons rate their current feelings by placing a mark on the
V on shift workers.). In addition, the
The driving literature before 1985 made little mention of sleepiness and instead
sleepiness. Retrospective studies that compare crash histories of drivers with sleep disorders with
Obviously, however, smoking tobacco should not be
dependent on both the presentation of the instructions and the subject's interpretation of
Get enough sleep! defining risk factors and high-risk groups than the data on sleepiness or drowsiness. rural roads. The MSLT mea- sures the tendency to fall
Educate young males (ages 16 to 24) about drowsy driving and how to reduce
night. typical crash related to sleepiness has the follow-ing characteristics: The problem occurs during late night/ early morning or midafternoon. many of which are appropriate for all public audiences: Sleepiness is a serious risk for young male drivers. literature upon which the major concepts or opinions of the panel report are based. have the greatest negative effects on alertness (Rosenthal et al., 1993a; Gillberg, 1995). of schoolwork demands and part-time jobs, extracurricular activities, and late-night
driving during this period for all drivers and especially for younger ones. At best they can help sleepy drivers stay awake and alert
Sleeping is the
A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A.) In the New York State survey, nearly one-half the drowsy drivers who crashed (and
Laboratory and some field studies suggest that most
physical training program reported sleeping longer and feeling less fatigue than did
sleepiness and alcohol and may not recognize related impairments they experience. Policymakers also may
Young people (ages 16 to 29), especially males. 1994). drivers surveyed about their lifetime experience with drowsy driving, almost one-half of
A body of literature exists on the mechanisms of human sleep and sleepiness that affect
likely to be low and awareness will need to be raised. Untreated sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy increase the risk of automobile crashes
subject to parental authority. These included working more than one job,
Graduated driver-licensing programs that
et al., 1987; Dinges, 1992, 1995). A typical crash related to sleepiness has the following characteristics. Latency
performance (Dinges et al., 1987; Hamilton et al., 1972; Williams et al., 1959). Several studies show that timed exposure to bright light has been successful in helping
Drowsy Driving: Avoid Falling Asleep Behind the Wheel | NHTSA standing the concept of sleep debt could be useful, as could recognizing the
"sleepiness" in a continuum along a 100-mm line (Wewers, Low, 1990). midnight through 6 a.m. driving, and avoiding alcohol and sedating medicines while sleepy
In addition, periods of work longer than 8 hours have been shown to impair task
are not clear because both young men and young women are likely to be chronically
Currently, States use different definitions and have varying reporting
There is insufficient evidence at present
fundamental work situation, they and their families may benefit from information on their
Sleep and wakefulness also are
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Educate shift workers about the risks of drowsy driving and how to
These conditions are unrecognized and untreated in a substantial number of people
Many also were unlikely to use a rest area when they were driving alone at
1 answer. As noted in section II, unlike the situation with alcohol-related crashes, no blood,
The crash occurs on a high-speed road. People with untreated sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) and narcolepsy. or to risky behavior associated with crashes. The crash is likely to be serious. Drowsy Driving - NHTSA | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration The subgroup at
For example,
According to the NHTSA, the combination of _____ and _____ reduce the risk of serious crash-related head injury by 83 . Information could be provided to the public and policymakers about the
also appear to be a relatively low-cost solution with a positive benefit-to-cost ratio
C. occurs on a high-speed road. for future educational efforts. The panel
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Anne T. McCartt,
At the same time, this age group is at
attitudes about sleep cause many Americans to get inadequate sleep either occasionally
reduce lifestyle- related risks. times are inconsistent with the natural sleep-wake cycle. Critical aspects
markets, and continuous-operation factories prosper and expand. In a recent study, people whose sleep was restricted to 4 to
It appears
The report presents the results of a literature review and opinions of the Expert
In addition, studies should determine whether early recognition, treatment, and
That is its most common side affect. care professionals may not recognize a history of sleepiness as a risk factor for
designed to provide direction to an NCSDR/NHTSA educational campaign to combat drowsy
in other forms such as caffeine-fortified soft drinks and tablets. Because of the
risk for excessive sleepiness because of the following: The panel felt that vulnerability may be further increased when young people use
Assessment for chronic sleepiness. effective alerting device may prevent one crash, a driver who falls asleep once is likely
requirements, which hinder quantification. CRASH CHARACTERISTICS One in four respondents who reported sleeping difficulties in a
Scale (SSS) (Hoddes et al., 1973) is an instrument that contains seven statements through
(Novak, Auvil-Novak, 1996). evidence of a corrective maneuver, such as skid marks or brake lights, is usually absent
sleepiness is an underrecognized feature of noncommercial automobile crashes. from these crashes. loss are cumulative (Carskadon, Dement, 1981). For example, "asleep with
these disorders and found a positive effect (Cassel et al., 1996; Haraldsson et al.,
Rotating shifts (working four or more day or evening shifts and four night
Ph.D.
(National Sleep Foundation, 1995). In regard to
Horne and Reyner (1995a) suggest that a combination of having more of the chronic and
Untreated or unrecognized sleep disorders, especially sleep
initiatives, the panel recommended the following three priority areas: Educate young males (ages 16 to 24) about drowsy driving and how to
Driving between midnight and 6 a.m. is a high-risk situation. In a driving simulation study, alcohol levels below the legal
Helpful behaviors
This technology is cur- rently being examined in physiologic,
care. occupant (McCartt et al., 1996). A
impairment that could assist investigating officers in attributing a crash to sleepiness.
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