Psychosurgery. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. 85. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. 158. This is an example of behavior modification using: b. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. b. accepting problematic thoughts. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: a. existential. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. c. resistance. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. 43. b. develop depression even when not under stress. d. psychotropic treatment. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. b. delusional thinking. c. the conscious mind. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. d. create an ideal set of genes. c. emphasize health. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. d. cognitive-behavioral. 113. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. How so? c. unconditional positive regard. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. Describe observational learning and modeling. 15. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. a. 95. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. c. feminist therapy. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. 120. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? Continuous or partial? But before these diagnostic categories Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. b. anxiety disorders. 93. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. 34. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? 166. 84. 64. c. neurons. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). 132. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? 107. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. 87. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? This is known as For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? b. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. 103. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. d. reality principle. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. 101. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. c. insert RNA into genes. 69. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. b. self theory. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. 106. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. a. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. c. primary process thought. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. d. displacement. c. operant conditioning. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. 2.3.4.3. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. c. repression. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. d. synapses. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. Evaluating the cognitive model. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. b. multicultural. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. b. modeling. Neural transmission. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. d. object relations. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. d. object relations theory. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. a. psychodynamic c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. 81. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. 20. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. b. behavioral-focused Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. c. double-blind studies. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? d. psychodynamic. A story will illustrate the latter. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. c. psychoanalysts. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. b. self-actualizing. c. intellectualization. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. b. family structure and communication. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. 2.3.2.1. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. b. anal stage. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? 159. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? b. good long-term prognoses. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? 89. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. b. humanistic-existential. b. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. Banduras Classic Experiment. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with?
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