Students included future computing pioneers such as Maurice Wilkes, Claude Shannon, David Rees, and Jay Forrester. The Baby was built to test a new memory technology developed by Williams and Kilburn -- soon known as the Williams Tube which was the first high-speed electronic random access memory for computers. By the early 1990s, Dell became one of the leading computer retailers. Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. It was designed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory engineer Wesley Clark. Which software function could help students memorize the correct names of chemical elements? System control was provided through the Atlas Supervisor, which some consider to be the first true operating system. The basic idea for bombes came from Polish code-breaker Marian Rejewski's 1938 "Bomba.". Typically, computer users of the time fed their programs into a computer using punched cards or paper tape. Southwest Technical Products is founded by Daniel Meyer as DEMCO in the 1960s to provide a source for kit versions of projects published in electronics hobbyist magazines. There are many stand-alone utility programs available as an alternative to the operating system'sutility programs. The Roadrunner is the first computer to reach a sustained performance of 1 petaflop (one thousand trillion floating point operations per second). The TRS-80 line of computers later included color, portable, and handheld versions before being discontinued in the early 1990s. It offered increased performance and storage capacity over the original IBM PC and sold for about $4,000. The first Kindle featured wireless access to content via Amazon.com, along with an SD card slot allowing increased storage. The replica is currently on display at the Computer History Museum. What kind of software tool are Notebook and ActivInspire examples of? The World Wide Web was invented in the 90s The first digital computing services were invented in the The first commercial computers were available in First PCs in the First Cell phones in the 1940s 1950 80s 90s The first computer was designed to fire missles A "Bug" is used to describe Almost a million units were ordered on the day of release. What is the best statement about your choice of a microcontroller for the project? Introduction of the iPhone 4 with retina display. Computer-enhanced image of IBMs Roadrunner. What software was the first available for microcomputers? _____ account allows changes that affect other users, changes to security settings, installation of software and hardware, and access to all files on the computer. Built as an electro-mechanical means of decrypting Nazi ENIGMA-based military communications during World War II, the British Bombe is conceived of by computer pioneer Alan Turing and Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. During the 1980s and early 1990s, ____ was the dominant operating system for microcomputers. Spectra systems were marketed on the basis of their compatibility with the IBM System/360 series of computer since it implemented the IBM 360 instruction set and could run most IBM software with little or no modification. The machines existence was not made public until the 1970s. The Earth Simulator was listed as the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 to 2004. The camera had a maximum resolution of 0.11 megapixels a 256-color display, and photos could be shared wirelessly. This printing programmable calculator was made from discrete transistors and an acoustic delay-line memory. Scelbi aimed the 8H, available both in kit form and fully assembled, at scientific, electronic, and biological applications. Wang was a successful calculator manufacturer, then a successful word processor company. Accept data (input) 2. Joe Thompson at Whirlwind console, ca. Airline reservation agents working with SABRE. The NBS also built the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC) at the Institute for Numerical Analysis on the UCLA campus. Of the dozens of different SWTP kits available, the 6800 proved the most popular. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. The 1101, designed by ERA but built by Remington-Rand, was intended for high-speed computing and stored 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, one of the earliest magnetic storage devices and a technology which ERA had done much to perfect in its own laboratories. He founded Sublogic after graduating from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1977, and released the first version of Flight Simulator for the Apple II in 1979. The TI 99/4 sold well and led to a series of TI follow-on machines. Total Cards. This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. About 50,000 were sold in Britain, primarily to hobbyists, and initially there was a long waiting list for the system. The computer he created, an all-black cube was an important innovation. The PC era ended Wangs success, and it filed for bankruptcy in 1992. Univac computers were used in many different applications but utilities, insurance companies and the US military were major customers. It used $120 worth of electronics components, as outlined in the September 1973 issue of hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics. Microcomputer Applications - Quiz 1. Gene Amdahl, father of the IBM System/360, starts his own company, Amdahl Corporation, to compete with IBM in mainframe computer systems. Working under Tom Kilburn at Englands Manchester University, Richard Grimsdale and Douglas Webb demonstrate a prototype transistorized computer, the "Manchester TC", on November 16, 1953. The PowerBook 100 was the entry-level machine, while the PowerBook 140 was more powerful and had a larger memory. One of the first commercially produced computers, the companys first customer was the US Navy. The 1973 Wang 2200 makes it a successful computer company, too. That goes back thousands of years, of course, and you can guess how they did it. Officially known as the Track Write, the automatically expanding full-sized keyboard used by the ThinkPad 701 is designed by inventor John Karidis. Mark-8 featured on Radio-Electronics July 1974 cover. The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. Which of the following is not one of the kinds of interaction that Moore said characterized online courses? . assist teachers in preparing student IEPs What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? The Video Display Module (VDM) marks the first implementation of a memory-mapped alphanumeric video display for personal computers. Apple gave away thousands of Apple IIs to school, giving a new generation their first access to personal computers. Which of the following is one strategy often used in online courses to ensure academic integrity? True/False False Mac OS X (now macOS) runs the same kernel used in its predecessor, Mac OS 9. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The handwriting recognition software was much maligned for inaccuracy. Called the Model K Adder because he built it on his Kitchen table, this simple demonstration circuit provides proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model I Complex Calculator in 1939. Commodore even used Star Trek television star William Shatner in advertisements. With a screen resolution of up to 400 pixels-per-inch (PPI), Retina displays approached the limit of pixel visibility to the human eye. Originally a joint project with IBM and Microsoft, OS/2 is know maintained by IBM, and was a competitive product to the various MS Windows programs. Online retailer Amazon released the Kindle, one of the first to gain a large following among consumers. The LINC was later commercialized by DEC and sold as the LINC-8. In 1975, Scelbi introduced the 8B version with 16 KB of memory for the business market. One of the earliest and most popular pieces of software for microcomputers was the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. Minuteman missiles use transistorized computers to continuously calculate their position in flight. The Central processing unit (CPU) serves as the primarily processing component of a computer system. central processing unit (cpu) computers brain. HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. Later, Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. A microcomputer contains a microprocessor (a central processing unit on a microchip ), memory in the form of read-only memory and random access memory , . His daughter named the new machine after the star Altair. The primary distinguishing characteristic of modern computers is ____. The Lisa ran on a Motorola 68000 microprocessor and came equipped with 1 MB of RAM, a 12-inch black-and-white monitor, dual 5.25-inch floppy disk drives and a 5 MB Profile hard drive. The first stored-program computer to be built in continental Europe was the MESM, completed in the Soviet Union in 1950. Its price was especially attractive as the computer included very useful productivity software worth about $1,500 alone. Operational by 1964, it was not the first computerized reservation system, but it was well publicized and became very influential. In October 1961, the Navy tested the NTDS on the USS Oriskany carrier and the USS King and USS Mahan frigates. The success of the VAX family of computers transformed DEC into the second-largest computer company in the world, as VAX systems became the de facto standard computing system for industry, the sciences, engineering, and research. The iPad combines many of the popular capabilities of the iPhone, such as built-in high-definition camera, access to the iTunes Store, and audio-video capabilities, but with a nine-inch screen and without the phone. Reaching 32 gigaflops (32 billion floating point operations per second), Intels Touchstone Delta has 512 processors operating independently, arranged in a two-dimensional communications mesh. Caltech researchers used this supercomputer prototype for projects such as real-time processing of satellite images, and for simulating molecular models in AIDS research. The HP-35 helped HP become one of the most dominant companies in the handheld calculator market for more than two decades. Kilburn (left) and Williams in front of 'Baby'. Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in The IAS computer was designed for scientific calculations and it performed essential work for the US atomic weapons program. Question 13. server. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to test recording equipment and speaker systems for the 12 specially equipped theatres that showed the movie Fantasia in 1940. Motorola went on to create the 68000 series, which became the basis for the Apple Macintosh line of computers. Columbia was used in space vehicle analysis, including studying the Columbia disaster, but also in astrophysics, weather and ocean modeling. The machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft running the length of machine that synchronized the machines thousands of component parts and used 3,500 relays. Federico Faggin led the design and Ted Hoff led the architecture. Daniel Hillis of Thinking Machines Corporation moves artificial intelligence a step forward when he develops the controversial concept of massive parallelism in the Connection Machine CM-1. IBMs initial investment of $5 billion was quickly returned as orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. An offshoot of the POWER XCell8i chip was used as the main processor in the Sony PlayStation 3 game console. Intel introduced the 8086 in June 1978. The 501 is built on a 'building block' concept which allows it to be highly flexible for many different uses and could simultaneously control up to 63 tape drivesvery useful for large databases of information. The Air incorporated many of the technologies that had been associated with Apple's MacBook line of laptops, including integrated camera, and Wi-Fi capabilities. Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM -compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. Introduced at the Altair Convention in Albuquerque in March 1976, the visual display module enabled the use of personal computers for interactive games. The fastest machine of its day, The Cray-1's speed comes partly from its shape, a "C," which reduces the length of wires and thus the time signals need to travel across them. In 1977, MITS was sold to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs in 1978. The IBM PC-RT had 1 MB of RAM, a 1.2-megabyte floppy disk drive, and a 40 MB hard drive. If a social studies teacher wanted to poll students anonymously about their opinions on a local issue, what tool might she use to gather their data? The ATX is the most commonly used form factor today. Started by a group of engineers that left Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General designs the Nova minicomputer. Produce results (output) 4. A large parallel processing computer, the ILLIAC IV does not operate until 1972. In 1973, after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors. This is likely the first example of remote access computing. Once finally completed, it achieved a computational speed of 200 million instructions per second and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of its parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipelining" structure of its 64 processing elements. It had two operating modes, one that mirrored the segmented memory of older x86 chips, allowing full backward compatibility, and one that took full advantage of its more advanced technology. Cameras would become a significant part of most phones within a year, and several countries have even passed laws regulating their use. For easy replacement, designers placed each transistor circuit inside a "bottle," similar to a vacuum tube. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. Atari's 8-bit computers were influential in the arts, especially in the emerging DemoScene culture of the 1980s and '90s. The device was considered the earliest non-kit personal computer. FoxBase was originally released for the Apple II in 1984, followed by versions for the Commodore 64, IBM PC, and Atari ST. A version for the Macintosh was also released in 1985. Its chiclet keyboard was also criticized for poor ergonomics. The Apple II, one of the first commercially successful microcomputers, was debuted at the inaugural show of which annual computer industry conference? Many of the 1101s basic architectural details were used again in later Remington-Rand computers until the 1960s. Physicist Stan Frankel, intrigued by small, general-purpose computers, developed the MINAC at Caltech. IBMs first personal computer, the system was designed to run the APL programming language in a compact, briefcase-like enclosure which comprised a keyboard, CRT display, and cassette tape storage. OS/2 will continue to be used in special ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. The Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6600 performs up to 3 million instructions per second three times faster than that of its closest competitor, the IBM 7030 supercomputer. Each credit card-sized Arduino board consisted of an inexpensive microcontroller and signal connectors which made Arduinos ideal for use in any application connecting to or monitoring the outside world. In 1983 Zojirushi introduced a rice cooker that was among the first consumer-oriented products to rely on fuzzy logic. During three years of production, IBM sells 19 701s to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and the federal government. It was one of the first commercially available relational database management systems for microcomputers. Until recently, good microcomputer software for multimedia presentations was not available, but was much in demand by businesses. True/False B. What type of web-based creation is produced when students submit their written or artistic products to a website? This object-oriented multitasking operating system was groundbreaking in its ability to foster rapid development of software applications.
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