California, United States. When closed-loop processes are unavailable, an alternative, known as open-loop chemical recycling can be utilized. We used several data sources to estimate the changes in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 by state and sex in Brazil. Brazil does not lack a universal healthcare system, a network of community health agents to target vulnerable communities, sufficient data and a capable cadre of researchers tirelessly advancing knowledge and informing policy. john deere quick hitch. Rocha, R. et al. Adoption is complex, emotional, life-altering. As high life expectancies are predominantly in the South region and the lowest are in the North, these results suggest that COVID-19 mortality reproduced regional inequalities, reflecting the pandemics disproportionate burden among vulnerable groups5 but also spatial patterns of COVID-19 spread18. 1a, Supplementary Table 1 and Methods), with a larger drop for males (1.57 years) than females (0.95 years). Teikti paraik ia. Strong business development professional with a PhD focused in Teaching Engineering with Games from Universidade de So Paulo. 4b,c). Defined and directed strategic marketing and go-to-market plans. ISPRA Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale We have included these important steps in our life cycle assessments, however, our syntheses utilized the more readily accessible samples of superabsorbent polymer used to manufacture diapers at P&G. To summarize, we developed a facile and potentially scalable method to synthesize commercially relevant PSAs by open-loop recycling poly(acrylic acid) sourced from a leading diaper manufacturer. In summary, the death toll of COVID-19 in Brazil has been catastrophic. Overall health conditions of individuals with diabetes worsened in 2020 due to reduced physical activity, postponement of medical appointments and interruption in regular drug treatment31. Locations: Colorado; Nevada, Jersey City, NJ; New York City, NY; Ithaca, NY and Westchester County, NY. CAS Esterification of polyacrylic acid using alkyl halides under basic conditions had already been reported38. are employees at P&G. M.C.C. Commercial polymers are ubiquitous, with a global annual production of approximately 368 million metric tons1, with about 75% of plastics disposed of after a single use2. States in the North and Northeast have the worst indicators of income inequality, poverty, access to infrastructure and availability of physicians and hospital beds12,13. To determine whether the base-mediated or acid-catalyzed pathway was better, the two routes were compared using a cradle-to-product life cycle assessment (LCA, Supplementary Fig. 75, 337345 (2002). Cancer diagnosis in Brazil in the COVID-19 era. Degrad. Science 360, 2829 (2018). Ichiura, H., Nakaoka, H. & Konishi, T. Recycling disposable diaper waste pulp after dehydrating the superabsorbent polymer through oxidation using ozone. Estimates are presented by sex and state, and we measured and compared changes across states and in femalemale gaps in life expectancy. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Inicio / Programas UE / LIFE2027 / LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV (LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV) - NATURE GOVERNANCE. endobj Recycling methods that utilize these waste polymers could attenuate their environmental impact. in Brasil: uma viso geogrfica e ambiental no incio do sculo XXI. "Environment" area. Assuming that death rates would have been equal to 2019 all-cause rates in the absence of COVID-19, COVID-19 deaths in 2021 have already reduced e0 in 2021 by 1.8 years, which is slightly larger than the reduction estimated for 2020 under similar assumptions. U.S. Patent 8404887B2 (March 26, 2013). Ellen MacArthur Foundation. %PDF-1.7 (In contrast to this assumption, the potential dependence between COVID-19 and other causes might lead to modified probabilities of dying from other causes if COVID-19 were eliminated or added as a cause of death.) Third, for both 2020 and 2021, we calculated life tables based on the addition of COVID-19 mortality to the mortality pattern of 2019 (DT19). A conscientious employee, willing to learn new skills, open to instruction and feedback with a background in varied product, process and people management. Nature 594, 259264 (2021). In both countries, the pandemic response in 2020 was disparate regionally, with lamentable national coordination3,4, resulting in a high and unequal mortality burden5,6. performed the computations mentored by P.M.Z. Chemically recyclable polymers: a circular economy approach to sustainability. The potential of superabsorbent polymers from diaper wastes to enhance water retention properties of the soil. et al. After more than 195,000 lives were reported to have been lost in 2020 to COVID-19, no policy changes have appeared in 2021. d, Number of COVID-19 deaths in 2020 per 100,000 people by state (Methods). For example, FaterSMART, a Proctor and Gamble (P&G) affiliated company, has developed and implemented a diaper recycling facility that includes used diaper acquisition, steam sterilization, shredding, and separation into the purified raw materials (cellulosics, superabsorbent polymer, and polyolefins)29. sub-programme "Climate change mitigation and adaptation to change. ^c2/rML[,[gs] The authors thank Procter and Gamble (P&G) for supporting this work, as well as Ryan Hayes and Jonah Vilseck for assisting with simulations, Edwin Zishiri for assisting with synthesis, Gary Gilbertson, Bill Begley, and Yiping Sun for performing SEC on the PSAs, and Prof. Brian Love for his intellectual contributions. 3). Public Health 17, 4322 (2020). Therefore, we estimated the provisional decline in life expectancy in 2021 thus far; this estimate is based on the DT19 method noted earlier but, in this case, adding confirmed 2021 COVID-19 deaths to the deaths expected among those who did not die of COVID-19, who are assumed to be subject to 2019 mortality rates for the remainder of 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). The resulting materials exhibit low-to-medium storage and loss moduli, and as such, are applicable as general-purpose adhesives. JRSvk] Vaupel, J. W., Villavicencio, F. & Bergeron-Boucher, M.-P. Demographic perspectives on the rise of longevity. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950 (2020). Excitingly, a viable central region pressure-sensitive adhesive is accessible without any sonication. We created data visualizations in R, ArcMap version 10.8 (ESRI) and Adobe Illustrator CS6. The complex viscosity again dropped several orders of magnitude over 24h, at which point no further changes were observed, again suggesting that most crosslinks have been hydrolyzed (Supplementary Fig. You can alreadyfind all information and documentation needed at theFunding & Tenders Portal, includingthe call text and application forms. While catalytic depolymerization methods20 can, in principle, proceed without side-chain degradation, they have not yet been demonstrated for commercial sources of polyacrylic acid. Considering this factor, the optimized conditions involved sonicating a 2.5% w/v solution for 1min to give an Mw ~360kg/mol, and a 5.0% w/v solution for 2min to give a Mw of ~330kg/mol37. M.C.C., N.G., C.M.T. Jennifer Sargent was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team. Anne J. McNeil. The estimated decline for Brazil was 0.94 years for both sexes, 0.66 years for females and 1.17 years for males. 916 (Springer International Publishing AG, 2018). and C.M.T. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The estimated setback for e65 was overwhelming, equalling values last observed as far back as the early 2000s in most states in the North region and before 2000 in Amazonas, Par and Gois. Clean. A more limited version of the basic income program was re-established in April 2021. Google Scholar. g;"a"E^X @; 1c), broadly mirroring the patterns across states (Fig. Inqurito Nacional sobre Insegurana Alimentar no Contexto da Pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. The reduction in life expectancy at age 65 (e65) in 2020 was 0.9 years, setting Brazil back to 2012 levels. x:y*$J*e,=x QHM`zeF i(ED'*V[Xzd;KOtI102e2P\vto\jQ| Z Nat Med 27, 16291635 (2021). 8). Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. This approach was inspired by the similar structures of sodium polyacrylate (superabsorbent polymer) and the polyacrylates (pressure-sensitive adhesives) used in tapes, bandages, and sticky notes, among others23. We offer five reasons as to why. Coates, G. W. & Getzler, Y. D. Y. L. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. Picture: Matt Roberts/Getty Images. Similarly to Brazil, many other countries in Latin America experienced a relatively fast pace of mortality improvement during this period, benefitting from the public health and medical progress of their forerunners9,11. 1b and Supplementary Table 2)5. This year's call for the 2021 is open to two areas and their sub-programmes: 1. Internet Explorer). Sci. 2 0 obj M.C.C. Al-Jabari, M., Abu Ghyadah, R. & Alokely, R. Recovery of hydrogel from baby diaper wastes and its application for enhancing soil irrigation management. Formal training in customer service with. Commercial polyacrylate-based PSAs are often accessed via petroleum-sourced monomers (Fig. and S.G. conducted the formal analysis. Process for Producing Acrylic Acid. Stab. First, we obtained mid-year population projections for 20182020 and abridged life tables estimated for 20002020 by state, age and sex from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica, or IBGE, in Portuguese) (https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html). The global annual production of this class of materials is estimated to be over 2 million metric tons, with disposable diapers claiming 74% of the market13. The rate of chain scission during sonication is directly proportional to the amount of chain entanglement during sonication35. McNeill, I. C. & Sadeghi, S. M. T. Thermal stability and degradation mechanisms of poly(acrylic acid) and its salts: Part 1-poly(acrylic acid). Wernet, G. et al. 58, 13471364 (2020). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. 4d). Castro, M. C. et al. Recent technologies for treatment and recycling of used disposable baby diapers. What it lacks is leadership commitment to save lives. Several provisional patent and patent applications have been filed based on this work. Life cycle assessments (LCA) were performed to assess the cumulative energetic and environmental impacts of producing 1kg of adhesive via our open-loop recycling method. Article Programme: Programme for Environment and Climate Action (LIFE) . Chem. Barone, M. T. U. et al. We calculated the correlation between the speed of the spread of COVID-19 deaths (measured by the locational Hoover Index)18 and the decline in e0. Bauer, W., Jr. Acrylic acid and derivatives. Here we report an open-loop recycling method for these materials that involves (i) decrosslinking via hydrolysis, (ii) an optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) functionalizing via Fischer esterification. Eng. As of 23 May 2021, P.1 was the most prevalent strain in the country (92% of the samples analyzed)25. Adv. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE Nature and Biodiversity SMART OUTCOME-BASED projects based on Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-Bound objectives for the implementation of EU Nature and Biodiversity legislation or Targets of the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 2. May 1998 - Jan 20012 years 9 months. A 245, 132140 (2006). THIS GRANT IS CURRENTLY CLOSED. However, for a given year, we can identify states with the largest reductions. Prod. M.C.C., N.G., T.A. https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706 (2021). Lancet Glob. Mortality due to COVID-19 is estimated to have reduced e0 in the United States by 1.13 years, setting it back to values observed in 2003 (ref. In contrast, a common approach used in industry to convert acrylic acid into acrylate esters uses inexpensive alcohols as both the reagent and solvent39,40. {o"yQr8"2ioFq[V Marques, N. P. et al. 2. For the base case scenario (absence of COVID-19), we used mortality rates reported in 2019, which we treated as cause-deleted life tables (that is, there were no deaths from COVID-19 in 2019), and applied these to the population at risk to obtain expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19. Third, because local health authorities have 60 d to report deaths from any cause, delayed death registration might be an issue in 2021, and, thus, for the first 4 months of 2021, we used confirmed COVID-19 deaths as reported by Brasil.io, which compiles epidemiological bulletins from the 27 state health departments. Barbosa, R. J., Souza, P. H. G. F. & Soares, S. S. D. Distribuio de Renda nos Anos 2010: uma dcada perdida para desigualdade e pobreza. )x"VzdHd&Ffb7kR KK i$M{;* af082!yvy!U"D)|Nei^*|C$Q,Ss$e*jX^/17E`i{dTS7EphB/jd- . Lotta, G., Wenham, C., Nunes, J. Sci. When intense shocks like a pandemic or war occur, life expectancy drops, but it often rebounds quickly. Among states, Amazonas lost 60.4% of the improvements in e0 since 2000. Stab. x\[s8~w! Both methods resulted in larger estimates of life expectancy decline compared to the difference between 2019 and 2020 period life tables (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2): for example, for Brazil (both sexes), the decline in e0 was estimated at 1.92 years (DT20) and 1.67 years (DT19) versus 1.31 years (difference between 2019 and 2020 life tables). The synthetic polymer community created these impactful materials, and now, we must turn our attention towards technologies that facilitate their collection and recycling, to create a circular economy that is more sustainable7. In this work, we report a mild and efficient synthetic route for open-loop recycling the acrylic-based superabsorbent material used in diapers. Lancet 396, 365366 (2020). Chang, E. P. Viscoelastic windows of pressure-sensitive adhesives. ADS Marcia C. Castro. Preprint at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1 (2021). Rev. The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. endobj Reduction in life expectancy in Brazil after COVID-19, \({\,}_nD_x = ({\,}_nK_x - \,_nD_x^{COV})({\,}_n^ \ast M_x) + \,_nD_x^{COV}\), $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = \frac{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{D}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{D}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = {\boldsymbol{e}}^{\left( {\frac{1}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}\, \ast \,\log \left( {{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}} \right)} \right)}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = 1 - {\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{a}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = {\boldsymbol{n}} + \frac{1}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}} \ast \frac{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}} \ast ({\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{a}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{n}})$$, $${\,}_\infty {\boldsymbol{a}}_{90} = {\,}_\infty ^ \ast {\boldsymbol{a}}_{90}\, \ast _\infty {\boldsymbol{R}}_{90}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z. Chem. The magnitude of the COVID-19 death toll was not homogenous across states and was associated with the pattern of spread18. The superstar forward is not taking anything for granted on her return to netball. life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 sap env gov #life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 ta pp env sip #Life Call #life programme 2021 #LIFE Program #call for proposals climate change 2021 #life 2021 strat two stage 1 0 obj Il nuovo programma contribuir alla transizione verso un' economia sostenibile, al miglioramento della qualit dell'ambiente e alla tutela della biodiversit. Expected deaths in the presence of COVID-19 are calculated by assuming that individuals who do not die of COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021 are subject to the mortality rates of 2019. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Soc. We demonstrate herein that our open-loop recycling approach to pressure-sensitive adhesives from superabsorbent polymers outcompetes the petroleum-derived syntheses on nearly every metric, including global warming potential and cumulative energy demand. SAP Certified with fifteen years of SAP development experience in UK and New Zealand. Offensive waste valorisation in the UK: assessment of the potentials for absorbent hygiene product (AHP) recycling. Collias, D. I. et al. We used three approaches to assess changes in life expectancy due to COVID-19. LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT Nature and Biodiversity - Standard Action Projects (SAP) Page contents Details Description Details Status Closed Publication date 17 May 2022 Opening date 17 May 2022 Deadline model Single-stage Deadline date 04 October 2022, 17:00 (CEST) Funding programme Programme for the Environment and Climate Action (LIFE) Department Science 371, 288292 (2021). T.A., S.G. and S.K. These results demonstrate that solvent hydrophobicity improves conversion to the ester. The decline was larger for males, widening by 9.1% the femalemale gap in e0. (UHe&+IW6rQIG nD!? Hayes, R. L., Armacost, K. A., Vilseck, J. Fornof, A. R. et al. This result suggests that most crosslinks had been hydrolyzed within 15h (Supplementary Fig. On. We calculate three sets of estimates of life expectancy decline but argue that those based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020, which include all reported deaths in those 2 years, are the most defensible because they do not depend on accurate classification of cause of death, determination of whether the death was directly or indirectly due to COVID-19 or assumptions about independence among causes. U.S. Patent 2,917,538 (December 15, 1959). Buss, L. F. et al. April 2021 was the deadliest month since the pandemic began: nine capital cities reported more deaths than births, and, by 25 April, the number of COVID-19 deaths in 2021 surpassed that reported in 2020. Together, the United States and Brazil account for 28% of the worlds death toll and 59% of the death toll in the Americas. Google Scholar. Popul. Nat Commun 12, 4524 (2021). The resulting polymers were isolated in ~97% yield (over the two steps). US Patent 9,321,868 B2 (April 26, 2016). R. Soc. e65 declined by a larger percentage for males than females in all states, reflecting mens higher risks of dying from COVID-19 (ref. Fagnani, D. E. et al. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in After recording the highest number of monthly COVID-19 deaths in April 2021, transmission remains extremely high, with about 2,000 daily deaths but a very slow immunization rollout. Rev. The evergreen broadleaved shrubs were shorter in height (3.06 0.99 m) than palm-leaved life forms (19.29 5.39 m). a, Estimated change in life expectancy at birth in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. Rev. Fifth, reductions in the health budget and changes in the health financing model are likely to affect health outcomes40. Google Scholar. M.S. Single phase. Technical Assistance Projects (all subprogrammes): 22 September (5 p.m.). First, as our main specification, we constructed period life tables that considered deaths by state, sex and age group. 276, 123350 (2020). Soil Environ. Demography 43, 647657 (2006). At each time point, the maximum specific energy (wmax) was calculated using the maximum power drawn from the outlet and the mass of added PAA (Supplementary Information pg S3), and the molar masses were determined using size-exclusion chromatography. An estimated 6.3 billion metric tons of post-consumer polymer waste has been produced, with the majority (79%) in landfills or the environment. Considering the large COVID-19 death toll in Brazil, with marked regional inequalities, our goal was to quantify the loss in e0 and e65 in 2020 and in the first 4 months of 2021 due to the pandemic. As many countries speed up vaccination coverage and witness declines in cases and deaths, Brazil lags behind. c, Bivariate choropleth map of the estimated change in e0 and e65 in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state. CAS & Bowe, B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. More specifically, we compared four different cradle-to-product LCA scenarios: poly(2-ethylhexylacrylate) production in the conventional industrial approach and three variations of the recycling process: (i) sonicating the 2.5% w/v polymer solution for 1min, (ii) sonicating the 5.0% w/v polymer solution for 2min, and (iii) no sonication of the 5% w/v polymer solution. For decades, mechanical recycling has been used to recover some value from waste polymers, although recycling rates are low2 and the material quality is often reduced. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9. Chazovachii, P. T., Somers, M., Alfaro, J., McNeil, A. J. Rede PENSSAN. The estimated decline in 2021 e0 is 1.78 years (1.86 years for males and 1.64 years for females). Chem. 2b). Ultrason. of 2-ethylhexanol and H2SO4 as a catalyst (Fig. M.C.C., S.G.K. M.C.C. Therefore, our estimates would not be seriously affected by missing deaths unless a different pattern of errors emerges in 2020. P.T.C. Tbuas Abreviadas de Mortalidade por Sexo e Idade. 4a). Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Polym. xCv+}jE`MGA-k8E5YYM We calculated the probability of surviving from age x to age x + n (npx), the probability of dying between age x and x + n (nqx) and the average person-years lived in the interval by those dying in the interval (nax): where * indicates that the measure is from the life table that does not contain COVID-19 as a cause of death. Preparation of pressure sensitive adhesives from post-consumer superabsorbent polymers. These results suggest that the substrate hydrophobicity also favors conversion to the ester. Lancet 396, 367368 (2020). Ambiente & Sociedade 23, e0108 (2020). y?UT=*b!k jV/d=ucKW|8pJ{XCz"Xb3lhUY?|4~'"nj(\9c XP9@p*;+dw. Article We surmise that the estimates derived from the decrement life table techniques (DT19 and DT20) are higher than those reported in the text because of additional biases related to violation of the assumption of independence between COVID-19 and other causes and misdiagnosis of cause of death. Protection and Research, The Kick-off meeting of the LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST project will be held on January 20 in Rome, at the Legambiente headquarters. We performed all demographic analyses in Microsoft Excel version 16.44 and data cleaning and processing in Stata version 15.1 (Stata Corporation) and R version 4.0.0 (2020). 2U19AI089681-08). Andrady, A. L. 21, 12181230 (2016). M.C.C. However, this process utilizes expensive solvents (dimethylsulfoxide or dimethylformamide) and stoichiometric quantities of base (tetramethylguanidine), both of which would likely be too costly for large-scale recycling of waste superabsorbent materials. 4: COVID-19 mortality in 2021 and changes in life expectancy by state and sex. Instead, we envisioned a 23 step method from crosslinked sodium polyacrylate: (i) acid-catalyzed or base-mediated decrosslinking to generate linear polymers, (ii) optional sonication to lower the molar mass, and (iii) functionalizing via esterification to generate tack (Fig. ACS Macro Lett. Changes in e0 can reflect differences in expected longevity between two periods, such as before versus during a pandemic. stream Reaction conditions and yields for acid-catalyzed esterification of poly(acrylic acid), acetic acid, and undecanoic acid. (September 20, 2016). The aim of the project is the conservation of Caretta caretta, in the western Mediterranean basin, from threats related to human disturbance in the nesting sites. Super absorbent polymer recycling to pressure sensitive adhesives. Z. A large study showed a higher risk of death 6 months after COVID-19 diagnosis, even among those who did not require hospitalization34. Most consumer PSA-based products are found in either quadrant 3 or the central region (e.g., office tape, sticky notes, bandages, and removable labels), which is signified by low-to-medium G and G. Roberts, I. J. Phys. J. Environ. endobj Spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19 spread in Brazil. Syntheses of pressure-sensitive adhesives from petroleum feedstocks (industrial approach) compared to waste diaper-based feedstock (open-loop recycling). Microwave-assisted hydrothermal decomposition of super absorbent polymers. Molecules 23, 2870 (2018). In Ullmans Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Chem. Eng. States are colored according to major regions. Sonochem. 34, 189200 (1991). Baqui, P., Bica, I., Marra, V., Ercole, A. Governors in that region imposed the most rigorous measures of physical distancing, in direct opposition to recommendations from the President14. X.iieS(,& SEARCH OTHER FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES OR REGISTER TO ACCESS ALL THE INFORMATION AND R&D PROJECTS OPPORTUNITIES IN YOUR AREAS OF INTEREST, Proposals under this topic must address EU Nature and Biodiversity legislation compliance assurance and access to justice by:- establishing new or, where in place, enhancing existing cross-border, national or regional networks of compliance assurance practitioners or experts; and/or establishing or, where in place, improving professional qualifications and training to improve compliance with binding EU legal instruments on nature and biodiversity, through promoting, checking and enforcing compliance, or- applying the polluter pays principle, using a mix of administrative law, criminal law and environmental [], What is Science 372, 821826 (2021). The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis outperformed the base-mediated hydrolysis by a factor of 10 on both global warming potential and cumulative energy demand.
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