Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. They are often based on primary sources. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Primary Source 10. Website. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05.
Hanover Historical Texts Collection - History Department Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. 719-549-2333. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58.
Research Guides: Canadian History: Primary Sources [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC.
Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples - Scribbr The Iraq War Ten Years After - George Washington University [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career.
What is a primary source? - Paperpile Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies.
Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city.
The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. . [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. [131] The purge went on for several months. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla.
Primary and Secondary Sources: What's the Difference? Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble.
Primary Sources: The 1960s: Selma to Montgomery March (1965) He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide.
Collections Online | British Museum Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy.
Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University Newspapers. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea.
Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions.
Primary Sources - Research Guides at Library of Congress He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. J. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents.
Sulla - World History Encyclopedia He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. . [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25].
Marius, Sulla, and the Fall of the Roman Republic The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or .
PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla.